INDUSTRY
Lab consolidation, supply chain bottlenecks, hardware allocations
11 cards on 5 tables, each drawn live from the table. Tables built 31 October 2026.
What is sold
AI compute sold, by chip designer
Source: Epoch AI, AI Chip Sales. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, AI Chip Sales. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), AI Chip Sales; estimates are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: chips (units) and H100-equivalents sold in the quarter (Epoch's estimates)
OPEN ARTICLEThis table and its charts: Token Runner's own, under CC BY 4.0; the source keeps its own terms. Cite this: Token Runner, "AI chip sales by chip type", tokenrunner.ai/esper/industry/#data-gold_ind_hardware, built 2026-10-31. CC BY 4.0.
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
Source: Epoch AI, AI Chip Sales. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Chips sold each quarter, by chip type
Source: Epoch AI, AI Chip Sales. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, AI Chip Sales. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), AI Chip Sales; estimates are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: chips (units) and H100-equivalents sold in the quarter (Epoch's estimates)
This table and its charts: Token Runner's own, under CC BY 4.0; the source keeps its own terms. Cite this: Token Runner, "AI chip sales by chip type", tokenrunner.ai/esper/industry/#data-gold_ind_hardware, built 2026-10-31. CC BY 4.0.
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
Who holds the chips
Chips held, cumulative, by quarter
Source: Epoch AI, AI Chip Owners. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, AI Chip Owners. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), AI Chip Owners; estimates are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: H100-equivalents, cumulative stock (median estimate)
This table and its charts: Token Runner's own, under CC BY 4.0; the source keeps its own terms. Cite this: Token Runner, "AI chip owners, cumulative", tokenrunner.ai/esper/industry/#data-gold_ind_chip_owners, built 2026-10-31. CC BY 4.0.
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
The board: chips held by owner
Source: Epoch AI, AI Chip Owners. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, AI Chip Owners. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), AI Chip Owners; estimates are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: H100-equivalents, cumulative stock (median estimate)
This table and its charts: Token Runner's own, under CC BY 4.0; the source keeps its own terms. Cite this: Token Runner, "AI chip owners, cumulative", tokenrunner.ai/esper/industry/#data-gold_ind_chip_owners, built 2026-10-31. CC BY 4.0.
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
Nvidia chips held at the end of 2025, by owner
Source: Epoch AI, AI Chip Owners. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, AI Chip Owners. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), AI Chip Owners; estimates are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: H100-equivalents, cumulative stock (median estimate)
OPEN ARTICLEThis table and its charts: Token Runner's own, under CC BY 4.0; the source keeps its own terms. Cite this: Token Runner, "AI chip owners, cumulative", tokenrunner.ai/esper/industry/#data-gold_ind_chip_owners, built 2026-10-31. CC BY 4.0.
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
Two rows for China: the official estimate and the smuggled estimate
Source: Epoch AI, AI Chip Owners. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, AI Chip Owners. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), AI Chip Owners; estimates are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: H100-equivalents, cumulative stock (median estimate)
OPEN ARTICLEThis table and its charts: Token Runner's own, under CC BY 4.0; the source keeps its own terms. Cite this: Token Runner, "AI chip owners, cumulative", tokenrunner.ai/esper/industry/#data-gold_ind_chip_owners, built 2026-10-31. CC BY 4.0.
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
What it takes to make them
Chip components by designer, by quarter
Source: Epoch AI, AI Chip Components. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, AI Chip Components. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), AI Chip Components; estimates are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: wafers, USD and per cent, as the file gives them (median estimates)
This table and its charts: Token Runner's own, under CC BY 4.0; the source keeps its own terms. Cite this: Token Runner, "AI chip components by designer", tokenrunner.ai/esper/industry/#data-gold_ind_supply, built 2026-10-31. CC BY 4.0.
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
Hardware released each year, by maker
Source: Epoch AI, ML Hardware. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, ML Hardware. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), ML Hardware; estimates are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: hardware items (a count); price in USD, power in W, memory in bytes
This table and its charts: Token Runner's own, under CC BY 4.0; the source keeps its own terms. Cite this: Token Runner, "ML hardware releases", tokenrunner.ai/esper/industry/#data-gold_ind_hardware_specs, built 2026-10-31. CC BY 4.0.
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
What the labs report about themselves
Annualized revenue, by company
Source: Epoch AI, AI Companies. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, AI Companies. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), AI Companies; estimates are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: the row's own unit, named in the unit column (USD, staff, users, tokens per day, messages per day)
This table and its charts: Token Runner's own, under CC BY 4.0; the source keeps its own terms. Cite this: Token Runner, "Frontier AI companies: revenue, staff, usage, compute spend", tokenrunner.ai/esper/industry/#data-gold_ind_operating, built 2026-10-31. CC BY 4.0.
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
Staff, users and compute spend, by company
Source: Epoch AI, AI Companies. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, AI Companies. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), AI Companies; estimates are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: the row's own unit, named in the unit column (USD, staff, users, tokens per day, messages per day)
This table and its charts: Token Runner's own, under CC BY 4.0; the source keeps its own terms. Cite this: Token Runner, "Frontier AI companies: revenue, staff, usage, compute spend", tokenrunner.ai/esper/industry/#data-gold_ind_operating, built 2026-10-31. CC BY 4.0.
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
The data behind it: the 5 tables this dashboard reads, their sources and their dates
AI chip sales by chip type
Epoch AI's estimates of AI chips sold, by chip type and quarter: 171 rows, 28 chip types from 6 designers, 19 quarters from 2022 Q1 to 2026 Q3. Units and H100-equivalents each carry a 5th-95th percentile band; 8 rows are marked incomplete by Epoch.
Source: Epoch AI, AI Chip Sales. Licence and standing: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), AI Chip Sales; estimates are Epoch's, named as theirs. The licence: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
One row is one row per chip type and quarter; 171 rows; unit: chips (units) and H100-equivalents sold in the quarter (Epoch's estimates). Built from: epoch/ai-chip-sales-timelines-by-chip, collected 28 October 2026. Token Runner adapted this material: it was filtered, joined and added up; the source does not endorse Token Runner or this use.
This table and its charts: Token Runner's own, under CC BY 4.0; the source keeps its own terms. Cite this: Token Runner, "AI chip sales by chip type", tokenrunner.ai/esper/industry/#data-gold_ind_hardware, built 2026-10-31. CC BY 4.0.
AI chip owners, cumulative
Epoch AI's estimates of the AI chips each owner holds, cumulative through each quarter end: 215 rows, 10 owners, 6 chip designers, 17 quarter ends from 2022 Q1 to 2026 Q1. 14 rows have no 5th-95th percentile band and 8 are marked incomplete by Epoch. The users file holds 11 rows and is not drawn here.
Source: Epoch AI, AI Chip Owners. Licence and standing: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), AI Chip Owners; estimates are Epoch's, named as theirs. The licence: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
One row is one row per owner, chip designer and quarter end (a cumulative stock through that date); 215 rows; unit: H100-equivalents, cumulative stock (median estimate). Built from: epoch/ai-chip-owners-cumulative-by-designer, collected 19 October 2026; epoch/ai-chip-users-year-end-by-lab, collected 19 October 2026. Token Runner adapted this material: it was filtered, joined and added up; the source does not endorse Token Runner or this use.
This table and its charts: Token Runner's own, under CC BY 4.0; the source keeps its own terms. Cite this: Token Runner, "AI chip owners, cumulative", tokenrunner.ai/esper/industry/#data-gold_ind_chip_owners, built 2026-10-31. CC BY 4.0.
AI chip components by designer
Epoch AI's estimates of the components in each designer's AI chips, by quarter: 43 rows, 5 designers (AMD 9, Amazon 9, Google 9, NVIDIA 8, Other 8), 9 quarters from 2024 Q1 to 2026 Q1. Logic wafers, CoWoS wafers, HBM and auxiliary cost, each as median with a 5th-95th percentile band. The share columns are blank on 3 rows.
Source: Epoch AI, AI Chip Components. Licence and standing: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), AI Chip Components; estimates are Epoch's, named as theirs. The licence: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
One row is one row per chip designer and quarter; 43 rows; unit: wafers, USD and per cent, as the file gives them (median estimates). Built from: epoch/ai-chip-components-quarterly-by-designer, collected 19 October 2026. Token Runner adapted this material: it was filtered, joined and added up; the source does not endorse Token Runner or this use.
This table and its charts: Token Runner's own, under CC BY 4.0; the source keeps its own terms. Cite this: Token Runner, "AI chip components by designer", tokenrunner.ai/esper/industry/#data-gold_ind_supply, built 2026-10-31. CC BY 4.0.
ML hardware releases
Epoch AI's list of machine-learning hardware: 183 items from 21 manufacturers, release years 2008 to 2026. 165 have a release date, 60 a release price, 153 a power figure, 148 a memory size and 166 a memory bandwidth.
Source: Epoch AI, ML Hardware. Licence and standing: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), ML Hardware; estimates are Epoch's, named as theirs. The licence: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
One row is one row per hardware item; 183 rows; unit: hardware items (a count); price in USD, power in W, memory in bytes. Built from: epoch/ml-hardware, collected 31 October 2026. Token Runner adapted this material: it was filtered, joined and added up; the source does not endorse Token Runner or this use.
This table and its charts: Token Runner's own, under CC BY 4.0; the source keeps its own terms. Cite this: Token Runner, "ML hardware releases", tokenrunner.ai/esper/industry/#data-gold_ind_hardware_specs, built 2026-10-31. CC BY 4.0.
Frontier AI companies: revenue, staff, usage, compute spend
The figures Epoch AI collected from company disclosures and media reports, one row per reported figure: 255 figures for 11 companies, 2013-12-31 to 2026-09-30. Annualized revenue 60, Revenue amount (normalize to annual) 66, Period revenue 10, Staff count 50, Active users 34, Daily tokens 12, Daily messages 9, Compute spend 14. 5 source rows give no figure and are not in the table. 11 company, metric and date groups hold more than one report; the charts take the largest, never a sum. 11 figures are flagged by Epoch as excluded from its own graph view and are kept here with the flag.
Source: Epoch AI, AI Companies. Licence and standing: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), AI Companies; estimates are Epoch's, named as theirs. The licence: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
One row is one row per reported figure (company, date, metric, report); 255 rows; unit: the row's own unit, named in the unit column (USD, staff, users, tokens per day, messages per day). Built from: epoch/ai-companies-revenue-reports, collected 19 October 2026; epoch/ai-companies-staff-reports, collected 28 October 2026; epoch/ai-companies-usage-reports, collected 19 October 2026; epoch/ai-companies-compute-spend, collected 19 October 2026. Token Runner adapted this material: it was filtered, joined and added up; the source does not endorse Token Runner or this use.
This table and its charts: Token Runner's own, under CC BY 4.0; the source keeps its own terms. Cite this: Token Runner, "Frontier AI companies: revenue, staff, usage, compute spend", tokenrunner.ai/esper/industry/#data-gold_ind_operating, built 2026-10-31. CC BY 4.0.
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